Beauty Myth and Its Influence for Women

Ladies have figured out how to conquer numerous obstructions which made it hard for them to prevail in various fields in light of their sexual orientation. Sexual orientation fairness and strengthening approaches in numerous nations have helped them defeated boundaries, which made it hard for them to succeed.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Beauty Myth and Its Influence for Women explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The excellence and restorative industry have fortified a few perspectives and convictions about a woman’s job in the advanced world. Thusly, in the Western prevailing press, impression of magnificence have been formed by excellence and corrective organizations. These organizations have made numerous ladies to set for themselves unreasonable measures in regards to how they should look. The media has dug in the possibility that for a lady to be effective, she needs to have an appealing appearance. Corrective assembling organizations have fortified the conviction that a thin lady is alluring, provocative and progressively sure (Wolf, 1991, p. 89). This has reinforced the generalization that individuals, particularly ladies, should be thin, to carry on with a solid way of life. This paper will concentrate on the magnificence legend and how it influences the manner in which ladies see themselves in present day times. Female excellence has been as a rewarded as a baffling subject, which excites various feelings in numerous social orders over the world. The media, along with different organizations, have settled in specific observations about the job of a lady in the general public, which keep on influencing the manner in which ladies take a gander at themselves. This has made numerous ladies to get fixated on physical flawlessness, which has made magnificence, one of the most significant issues to ladies over the world. In numerous social orders, man centric frameworks of intensity despite everything rule the manner in which various exercises are performed. Be that as it may, this has changed throughout the years since ladies are not, at this point thought about second rate or frail. Wolf (1991) contends that women's activist developments of the 1960’s and 1970’s, were worried about fairness for all sexes in various circles of life (p. 92). In Europe and North America, mainstream society has affected the manner in which ladies see themselves and the job they should play in the general public. Ladies in different landmasses have gotten progressively liberated yet they despite everything don't have a similar opportunity, delighted in by individual ladies living in Western nations. The issues of woman's rights and magnificence are urgent in light of the fact that they empower individuals comprehend the genuine effect of sexual orientation correspondence and strengthening, in numerous societies.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ideas of excellence and woman's rights are more interwoven in light of the way they numerous business associations. They are utilized to make sex request in adverts, which makes numerous organizations to utilize excellent models to advertise their items. Promoting firms use models to dispatch items for various organizations, which shows the association between female magnificence and showcasing. This encourages them bid to the sub-still, small voice of both male and female buyers, to cause them to have increasingly great mentalities towards items being advertised (Levy, 2005, p. 67). Numerous item dispatches are not viewed as complete without famous female VIPs gracing them. The solid relationship among excellence and financial aspects has had a sensational impact in the media, since it has urged the general public to treat ladies emotionally. There are ladies who are increasingly touchy about their appearance and looks, than their abilities and internal character. They imagine that having impeccable bodies, clear faces and wonderful hair, are important traits that make them stand apart of the group. A portion of these ladies are knowledgeable, acquire acceptable salaries and live agreeable ways of life. They have sufficient budgetary assets which make them progressively free and eager. Unexpectedly, despite the fact that few working ladies have great salaries, they are as yet stressed over what they look like. These weaknesses have been fortified by generalizations, which set ridiculous guidelines on how an ideal lady should resemble. Duty (2005) uncovers that numerous fantasies about excellence are progressed by the media and they majorly affect the manner in which ladies see themselves (p. 73). A few ladies accept that what they look like decides their incentive in the general public. Many film stars and performers impact the manner in which ladies comprehend the idea of magnificence in th eir lives. The impact of Hollywood on peoples’ conduct is tremendous in light of the fact that numerous individuals are fixated on newspaper tattle concerning the rich and celebrated. Numerous Hollywood stars, artists and other notable characters, are given a ton of consideration by the media in Europe and North America. Female big names are joined by their huge groups of cosmetics craftsmen any place they go, which shows the significance they append to their looks. They esteem their appearance more than their character since this is makes them mainstream among their fans (Ross, 2010, p. 79). Along these lines, fans who consider celebrities, performers and competitors as good examples, are probably going to imitate their conduct. Young ladies are effectively enthralled by new style structures, haircuts and different types of mainstream society they duplicate from Hollywood stars. Numerous young ladies are harming themselves truly and inwardly, in an offer to accomplish ridicu lous excellence measures, promoted by the media. Restorative medical procedure has become a multi-million dollar industry since more ladies are eager to go under the surgical blade to improve their looks. More seasoned ladies are experiencing botox medicines to dispose of wrinkles on their countenances and are likewise picking silicone bosoms, to make themselves look more youthful (Ross, 2010, p. 89).Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Beauty Myth and Its Influence for Women explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This fixation on physical appearance is making a general public where individuals are not ready to acknowledge their physical restrictions and are eager to pay more to improve their looks. Current ladies are under a great deal of strain to fulfill explicit guidelines of excellence, which drives them to attempt extraordinary restorative methods, which are bad for their wellbeing. Stoutness has become a significant test in transit la dies look in the US and different pieces of the world. Numerous wellbeing specialists contend that corpulence and over the top weight adds to various infections which undermine women’s wellbeing. In this manner, famous generalizations show thin people as solid, while overweight people are prodded for not watching sound living. Numerous high school young ladies in the US and Europe have dietary problems brought about by inability to expend appropriate eating regimens since they need to remain thin (Ross, 2010, p. 108). The design business has been blamed for making more youngsters become anorexic in light of the fact that numerous well known style models are thin and underweight. In numerous Western social orders, thin individuals are given more consideration than overweight individuals. Large individuals are portrayed as lethargic, ravenous, filthy and moderate. These negative qualities related with heftiness make numerous ladies difficult to shed pounds to pick up acknowledg ment in the general public. Women's activists in various pieces of the world have been isolated by the issue of magnificence and how it impacts ladies in various settings. A few women's activists contend that analysis leveled against the media and excellence industry is misled. They contend that ladies should be in contact with their female impulses and they don't have to feel awful for improving their own appearance. They contend that individual magnificence assists ladies with beating boundaries in a world ruled by male centric thoughts and offers them a chance to improve their fearlessness. Anyway different women's activists contend that ladies need to depend more on their character and characters to prevail throughout everyday life. They contend that the emphasis on excellence to the detriment of cerebrums makes ladies who are not truly alluring to be neglected by their managers (Valenti, 2007, p. 82). They contend that generalizations identified with magnificence and appearance make ladies who are not truly appealing not to have a similar possibility at suceeding contrasted with those that are progressively alluring. In this way, they feel that fixation on physical appearance makes ladies to be decided by man centric measures, which deny them an opportunity to accomplish their latent capacity. Numerous women's activists have contended that the cutting edge condition makes ladies to be dealt with emotionally as a result of their appearance. The issue of women's liberation is presently taken a gander at contrastingly contrasted with the past, on the grounds that ladies have gotten progressively liberated. Valenti (2007) contends that women's liberation needs to oblige various interests by ladies for it to stay significant in the cutting edge society (p. 99).Advertising Searching for research paper on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More She contends that ladies need to grasp their female impulse to improve their own fearlessness, which will empower them understand their own latent capacity. They have to concentrate on exercises which fulfill their inward inspirations to get settled with themselves in a world that is quickly evolving. It is vital for ladies to be OK with what their identity is to guarantee they don't fall prey to generalizations and other famous standards which treat ladies abstractly. References Levy, A. (2005). Female charlatans: Women and the ascent of raunch culture. New York, NY: Elsevier. Ross, K. (2010). Gendered media: Women, men and character governmental issues. London: Rowman and Littlefield. Valenti, J. (2007). Full frontal woman's rights: a youthful woman’s manual for why women's liberation matters. New York, NY: Seal Press. Wolf, N. (1991). The magnificence fantasy: How pictures of excellence are utilized against ladies. New York, NY: Harper. This examination paper on Beauty Myth and Its In

Role Of Vision In Managing Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Of Vision In Managing Change - Essay Example A dream is a reasonable, dependable and alluring arrangement for the eventual fate of an association. A vi sion portrays a lot of goals and needs delineating an image of things to come that makes the organization uncommon and one of a kind. A dream characterizes a center arrangement of standards by which the organization stays so as to make progress. A reasonable vision today is imperative for hierarchical success.† How could any gathering or individual endeavor toward significance and authority without a dream? That is actually the point. They can't. They can keep up they can endure; however they can't hope to accomplish greatness†. (Mapes 1991) . An unmistakable vision draws in duty and stimulates individuals; the inspirational impact of vision. Vision creates excitement about the course the association plans to follow and the change it is actualizing and builds the pledge to move in the direction of adjusting to the change adequately. It gives a significance to the cha nge. A dream permits individuals to acknowledge the demand and proceed onward and show signs of improvement. It builds up a better quality of greatness. Considering the case of a bank where the old written by hand pattern of record making and reporting is supplanted by present day innovation and PCs, a dream serves a significant capacity in building up a standard for acing the change. A reasonable vision connects the present and what's to come. The correct vision removes the association from the present, and concentrates it on what's to come. A decent vision situates the laborers on the future, and gives positive heading to the change. .Without a dream, the association will experience issues understanding and helping out the new plans and systems. A dream is a guide on which, it must be recognized where the association is as of now and where it needs to be, later on. A reasonable vision is basic for any undertaking. It tends to the general objectives of the activity and is pertinent and significant to all individuals being influenced by the change. A reasonable vision empowers to accomplish a consistency of convictions and activities among those answerable for executing the change.

interest rates news COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

interest rates news COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Interest rates has been on the minds of many students thinking about taking out a loan Congress recently passed a rare bipartisan bill that set interest rates on federal student loans, The Bipartisan Student Loan Certainty Act of 2013.   While most of the discussion and media attention centered on loans for undergraduates, there is good news for SIPA students.   For all loans first disbursed between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014, the interest rate for the Unsubsidized Federal Direct Student Loan has been lowered from 6.8% to 5.41%.   For Graduate PLUS loans, the rate has been reduced from 7.9% to 6.41%.   These rates will be fixed for the life of the loan; the rates on any loans borrowed previously were not changed. Interest rates will be adjusted annually.   As rates are expected to climb in the coming years, loans for 2014/15 beyond could be higher.   The bill signed by President Obama, in fact, sets caps for rates higher than what they have been; 9.5% and 10.5% respectively. If you have any questions, please contact the SIPA Financial Aid Office at sipa_finaid@columbia.edu or 212-854-6216.

Nestle Analysis - 4440 Words

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Nestle 5 1.2 Dutch Lady 5 2. Ratio Analysis 6 2.1 Profitability Ratio 6 2.1.1 Gross Profit Margin 6 2.1.2 Net Profit Margin 7 2.1.3 Expenses Margin 7 2.2 Liquidity Ratio 7 2.2.1 Current Ratio 7 2.2.2 Quick Ratio 7 2.3 Efficiency Ratio 8 2.3.1 Debtor Turnover Period 8 2.3.2 Creditor Turnover Period 8 2.3.3 Stock Turnover Period 8 2.4 Capital Structure 9 2.4.1 Gearing 9 2.4.2 Interest Cover 9 2.5 Investors Ratio 9 2.5.1 Return on Capital Employed 10 2.5.2 Earnings per Share 10 2.5.3 Price Earnings Ratio 10 2.5.4 Dividend Yield 10 2.5.5 Earning Yield 11 2.6 Ratio Analysis on Nestle 11 2.6.1 Profitability Ratio of Nestle 11 2.6.2 Efficiency Ratio†¦show more content†¦Using the current year numbers from the financial report, ratio are calculated and then compared with other companies, the industry, previous years, or even the economy to evaluate the performance of the company. Ratio analysis is the most reliable technique of analyzing a com pany today. There are five types of ratio that can be calculated, profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, efficiency ratio, capital structure and investors’ ratio. (Johri, 2010) 2.1 Profitability Ratio Profitability ratio is a financial metrics that are used to evaluate a business’ capabilities to generate revenue to be compare to the business’ expenses and costs incurred over a time period. There are three types of ratio, gross profit margin, net profit margin, and the expenses margin. (Vailiev, 2010) 2.1.1 Gross Profit Margin Gross profit margin measures the percentage of gross profit that is generated from the sales of the company. This shows the proportion of money remaining from the sales after accounting for the cost of sales. (Value Click Inc, 2012) Gross Profit Margin=Gross profitsales Ãâ€"100% 2.1.2 Net Profit Margin Net profit margin measures the percentage of net profit generated from the sales of the company. This shows the proportion of money remaining from the sales after accounting for the cost of sales and expenses of the company.Show MoreRelatedNestle: Strategic Management and Swot Analysis1862 Words   |  8 Pagesanalyze the company of Nestlà © to into the Singapore market. It is going to introduce company and country background, after that it will analyze the company of Nestlà © and Singapore market by using SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces. Finally, it will have recommendation and conclusion to follow it. 2. Company background Henri Nestlà © founded Nestlà © in 1866 in Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world. 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Apartheid Era Signs in South Africa

Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Bibliography Free Essays

Benazir Bhutto , 1953-2007, prime minister of Pakistan (1988-90; 1993-96), daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Educated at Radcliffe and Oxford, she returned to Pakistan shortly before her father was overthrown by General Zia ul-Haq in 1977. Under detention and then in exile, she returned in 1986 to lead the Pakistan People’s party (PPP) and to fight military rule. We will write a custom essay sample on Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Bibliography or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Nov. , 1988, three months after President Zia ul-Haq died in a plane crash, Bhutto’s alliance gained a narrow majority in parliamentary elections, and she became prime minister, the first female leader of a Muslim nation. Her government, marked by continuous intrigue and able to accomplish little, was dismissed by President Gulam Ishaq Khan in Aug. , 1990. He accused her, her husband, Asif Ali Zadari, and her party of corruption. Zadari was held (1990-93) on various charges, although eventually acquitted, and the PPP lost the late 1990 elections. In 1993, Bhutto again became prime minister. By then a more seasoned politician, she made alliances, including with the military, that enabled her to deal with some of Pakistan’s deep-seated problems. In Nov. , 1996, though, her government was again dismissed. Zadari was accused of murdering Bhutto’s brother, a political rival, as well as of accepting kickbacks, and was imprisoned; sweeping corruption charges were brought against Bhutto. In 1999, Bhutto and Zadari were both convicted of corruption; Bhutto appealed the verdict while living in exile in England and the United Arab Emirates. In 2001 the Pakistani supreme court set aside the corruption charges facing Bhutto and Zadari and ordered their retrial, but a Swiss court convicted the couple of money laundering in 2003. Bhutto was barred from running in the 2002 Pakistani parliamentary elections. Zadari was released from prison in 2004, a move that appeared designed to improve the Musharraf government’s relations with the PPP; he subsequently left Pakistan. In Oct. 2007, after extended negotiations with the government, Bhutto returned to Pakistan, intending to run for prime minister in the scheduled Jan. , 2008 elections. On her return, she survived an attempt on her life that killed more than 130 persons, but was assassinated two months later in an attack, widely ascribed to Islamic militants, that followed a political rally in Rawalpindi. Her 19-year-old son, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, assisted by her husband, succeeded her as PPP leader. How to cite Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Bibliography, Papers

Social Behavior Essays - Attachment Theory, Strange Situation

Social Behavior Why have psychologists stressed the importance of attachment behaviours in development? Many theorists agree that social contact early in a child's life is important for healthy personality development. This is the most important relationship of the child development period as it is from this that the child drives its confidence in the world. A break from this relationship is experienced as highly distressing and constitutes a considerable trauma (Schaffer 1964). Through frequent social and emotional exchanges with parents the infant not only defines itself, but also acquires a particular style and orientation that some researchers believe is carried over into later life (Sroufe 1978). Therefore, the relationship between an infant and its caregiver and its development is one that has generated much interest to developmental psychologists. John Bowlby (1958, 1968) put forward a comprehensive account of attachment and believed that the infant and mother instinctively trigger each other's behaviour to form an attachment bond. Attachment can therefore be defined as ' the ability to form focused, permanent and emotionally meaningful relationships with specific others' (Butterworth & Harris 1994). In child psychology, attachment is often restricted to a relationship between particular social figures and to a particular phenomenon thought to reflect unique characteristics of the relationship ( Santrock & Bartlett 1986). This essay will attempt to examine the role and importance of attachment behaviours in development. In Bowlby's view, there is a dyadic emotional regulation between the infant and the mother or caregiver. The infant has innate signals to elicit responses from the caregiver. Conversely, infant behaviour such as crying, cooing, smiling etc are elicited by the caregivers specific actions e.g. leaving the room or putting the infant down. Santrock and Bartlett (1986) found that'the infant's behaviour is directed by the primary goal of maintaining the mother's proximity. The baby processes information about the mother's location and changes his behaviour based on this fact. Thusinstinct or a fixed pattern is the primary force for developmental change, but is transformed through social experience.' This reciprocal tie of mother and infant is a state that ensures care and protection during the most vulnerable period of development. This attachment to the mother has a clear biological survival value, explaining the significance of the mother-infant interaction within the overall framework of attachment behaviour. Sroufe (1991) supports this view, he maintains that attachment refers to a behavioural system, which is 'selected for its effect on the reproductive success of individuals in the environment in which they evolved.' Bowlby argued that different attachment behaviours, such as crying, following etc, are functionally related, in that all may lead to the same outcome - the caregiver-infant proximity (Sroufe 1991). Bowlby argues that attachment, is therefore a primary process, which is innate, and is mediated by social interchange. Here the visual channel plays an important role, i.e. through smiling and eye to eye contacts. Bowlby outlined four phases of the development of attachment as an integrated system of behaviours in infants: Phase 1:- Birth - 2/3 months The infant directs his attachment to human figures on an instinctual bias; all are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying because the infant is not discriminating. Phase 2:- 3-6 months The infant's attachment focuses on one figure, typically the primary caregiver. Phase 3:- 6-9 months The intensity of attachment to the mother or caregiver increases. Due to this and newly acquired motor skills, the infant now readily seeks the proximity to the caregiver. Phase 4:- 9-12 months The elements of attachment listed above become integrated into a mutual system of attachment to which both infant and mother contribute. Bowlby argued that communication between the infant and the caregiver takes the form of non verbal communication, this can be eye to eye contact, or face to face interaction. He went on to propose that the baby's smile is the essential catalyst that generates the infant-caregiver interaction. The interaction goes through positive feedback on both sides until it becomes a conversation of visually perceived gestures. Wright (1991) outlines the progress of this progression of 'smiling' in the development of attachment behaviours: Begins at birth: At first the smile is fleeting and incomplete. 4-5 weeks: The smile is now nearly complete and the trigger for the smile becomes more specific. 5-6 weeks: The smile response is now fully formed. 6-10 weeks: The mother/caregivers face evokes a more immediate and generous smile than any other does. 2-3 months: The smile response to the mothers/ caregivers and other familiars becomes more dominant; with responses to strangers becoming weaker. 8 months onwards: The specificity of response becomes firmly established; strangers are responded

Microscopic Examination essays

Microscopic Examination essays In this experiment, our aim is examining the microstructure of metals. By studying microscopic structures of metals, we determine which material fits best to a given application. We used the most common method, optical technique, to examine the microstructure. We used a small specimen cut from the metal to be examined. To be able to see the structure clearly, we first cleaned and polished the specimen. First we start polishing with emery paper no: 1 and some finer grades. One should be careful about the coarse abrasive particles and striations from them. Cleaning and rotating the specimen 90Â ° during the transfer can prevent these. The next step is polishing, yet washing the sample before polishing gives a more successful result. Finally, we polished the specimen on a rotating cloth covered with an effective abrasive like Al2O3-Water suspension. We kept polishing until we obtained a mirror like face. After we finished polishing, the crystalline structure of the specimen, any cracks, seams, non-metallic inclusions and inhomogenities, could be revealed. Before start etching we first applied mounting process. In this step we used a matched die set. We placed our sample into the die set in the way that the rough face of the specimen was the lower surface and the polished face looked upward. We filled the die cavity with Bakelite and then we transferred our die to a mounpress. Mounting not only protects our sample but also by making its base flat and stable helps us while we are examining the sample under the microscope. In etching process, depending upon chemical composition, energy content and grain orientation, we determine the grain boundaries and the presence of chemically different phases. To reveal these micro structural details of the polished mount we used an etchant like 1% Nital. We immersed the mount with the polished face upward in a small dish of etching solution. As soon as a bloom ap ...

Leo Szilard Biography, Role in Creation of Atomic Bomb

Leo Szilard Biography, Role in Creation of Atomic Bomb Leo Szilard (1898-1964) was a Hungarian-born American physicist and inventor who played a key role in the development of the atomic bomb. Though he vocally opposed using the bomb in war, Szilard felt it was important to perfect the super-weapon before Nazi Germany. In 1933, Szilard developed the idea of the nuclear chain reaction, and in 1934, he joined with Enrico Fermi in patenting the world’s first working nuclear reactor. He also wrote the letter signed by Albert Einstein in 1939 that convinced U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt of the need for the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb. After the bomb had been successfully tested, on July 16, 1945, he signed a petition asking President Harry Truman not to use it on Japan. Truman, however, never received it. Fast Facts: Leo Szilard Full Name: Leo Szilard (born as Leo Spitz)Known For: Groundbreaking nuclear physicistBorn: February 11, 1898, in Budapest, HungaryDied: May 30, 1964, in La Jolla, CaliforniaParents: Louis Spitz and Tekla VidorSpouse: Dr. Gertrud (Trude) Weiss (m. 1951)Education: Budapest Technical University, Technical University of Berlin, Humboldt University of BerlinKey Accomplishments: Nuclear chain reaction. Manhattan Project atomic bomb scientist.Awards: Atoms for Peace Award (1959). Albert Einstein Award (1960). Humanist of the Year (1960). Early Life Leo Szilard was born Leo Spitz on February 11, 1898, in Budapest, Hungary. A year later, his Jewish parents, civil engineer Louis Spitz and Tekla Vidor, changed the family’s surname from the German â€Å"Spitz† to the Hungarian â€Å"Szilard.† Even during high school, Szilard showed an aptitude for physics and mathematics, winning a national prize for mathematics in 1916, the year he graduated. In September 1916, he attended Palatine Joseph Technical University in Budapest as an engineering student, but joined the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1917 at the height of World War I. Portrait of Professor of Biophysics, Institute of Radiobiology and Biophysics, at the University of Chicago Dr Leo Szilard (1898 - 1964), Chicago, Illinois, 1957. PhotoQuest / Getty Images Education and Early Research Forced to return to Budapest to recover from the dreaded Spanish Influenza of 1918, Szilard never saw battle. After the war, he briefly returned to school in Budapest, but transferred to the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg, Germany, in 1920. He soon changed schools and majors, studying physics at the Humboldt University of Berlin, where he attended the lectures of no less than Albert Einstein, Max Planck, and Max von Laue. After earning his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Berlin in 1922, Szilard worked as von Laue’s research assistant at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, where he collaborated with Einstein on a home refrigerator based on their revolutionary Einstein-Szilard pump. In 1927, Szilard was hired as an instructor at the University of Berlin. It was there that he published his paper â€Å"On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Intervention of Intelligent Beings,† which would become the basis for his later work on the second law of thermodynamics. The Nuclear Chain Reaction Faced with the threat of the Nazi Party’s anti-Semitic policy and harsh treatment of Jewish academics, Szilard left Germany in 1933. After living briefly in Vienna, he arrived in London in 1934. While experimenting with chain reactions at London’s St. Bartholomews Hospital, he discovered a method of separating the radioactive isotopes of iodine. This research led to Szilard being granted the first patent for a method of creating a nuclear chain reaction in 1936. As war with Germany grew more likely, his patent was entrusted to the British Admiralty to ensure its secrecy. Szilard continued his research at Oxford University, where he intensified his efforts to warn Enrico Fermi of the dangers to humanity of using nuclear chain reactions to create weapons of war rather than to generate energy. The Manhattan Project   In January 1938, with the impending war in Europe threatening his work, if not his very life, Szilard immigrated to the United States, where he continued his research in nuclear chain reactions while teaching at New York’s Columbia University. When news reached America in 1939 that German physicists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann had discovered nuclear fission- the trigger of an atomic explosion- Szilard and several of his fellow physicists convinced Albert Einstein to sign a letter to President Roosevelt explaining the devastating destructive force of an atomic bomb. With Nazi Germany now on the verge of taking over Europe, Szilard, Fermi, and their associates feared what could happen to America if Germany built a working bomb first. Convinced by the Einstein–Szilard letter, Roosevelt ordered the creation of the Manhattan Project, a famed collaboration of outstanding U.S., British, and Canadian scientists dedicated to harnessing nuclear energy for military uses. As a member of the Manhattan Project from 1942 to 1945, Szilard worked as the chief physicist alongside Fermi at the University of Chicago, where they built the world’s first working nuclear reactor. This breakthrough led to the first successful test of an atomic bomb on July 16, 1945, at White Sands, New Mexico. Shaken by the destructive force of the weapon he had helped to create, Szilard decided to dedicate the rest of his life to nuclear safety, arms control, and the prevention of further development of nuclear energy for military purposes. After World War II, Szilard became fascinated by molecular biology and the groundbreaking research being done by Jonas Salk in developing the polio vaccine, eventually helping found the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. During the Cold War, he continued to call for international atomic arms control, the advancement of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and better U.S. relations with the Soviet Union. Szilard received the Atoms for Peace Award in 1959, and was named Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association, and given the Albert Einstein Award in 1960. In 1962, he founded the Council for a Livable World, an organization dedicated to delivering â€Å"the sweet  voice of reason† about nuclear weapons to Congress, the White House, and the American public. The Voice of the Dolphins In 1961, Szilard published a collection of his own short stories, â€Å"The Voice of the Dolphins,† in which he predicts moral and political issues to be triggered by the proliferation of atomic weapons in the year 1985. The title refers to a group of Russian and American scientists who in translating the language of dolphins found that their intelligence and wisdom exceeded that of humans. In another story, â€Å"My Trial as a War Criminal,† Szilard presents a revealing, though fantasized, view of himself standing trial for war crimes against humanity after the United States had unconditionally surrendered to the Soviet Union, after losing a war in which the U.S.S.R. had unleashed a devastating germ warfare program. Personal Life Szilard married physician Dr. Gertrud (Trude) Weiss on October 13, 1951, in New York City. The couple had no known surviving children. Before his marriage to Dr. Weiss, Szilard had been an unmarried life partner of Berlin opera singer Gerda Philipsborn during the 1920s and 1930s. Cancer and Death After being diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1960, Szilard underwent radiation therapy at New York’s Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital, using a cobalt 60 treatment regimen Szilard himself had designed. After a second round of treatment in 1962, Szilard was declared cancer-free. The Szilard-designed cobalt therapy is still used for the treatment of many inoperable cancers. During his final years, Szilard served as a fellow at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, which he had helped to found in 1963. In April 1964, Szilard and Dr. Weiss moved to a La Jolla hotel bungalow, where he died of heart attack in his sleep on May 30, 1964, at age 66. Today, a portion of his ashes is buried in Lakeview Cemetery, Ithaca, New York, alongside those of his wife. Sources and Further Reference Lanoutte, William. Genius in the Shadows: A Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. University of Chicago Press (1992). ISBN-10: 0226468887Leo Szilard (1898-1964). Jewish Virtual LibraryLeo Szilard Papers, 1898-1998. University of California San Diego (1998)Leo Szilard: European Refugee, Manhattan Project Veteran, Scientist. Atomic Heritage Foundation.Jogalekar, Ashutosh. Why the World Needs More Leo Szilards. Scientific American (February 18, 2014).

Quiz show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz show - Essay Example They told them to choose topics that they were well versed with and at times provided answers to the questions. They choose one who was to be on the lead and the questions they were to get right or deliberately wrong themselves. In 1957 the producers set to put a new figure into the limelight of the show. In this case, they had to fail the current top contestant Herb Stempel by asking to deliberately get a question that he knew the answer wrong, in order to disqualify him. They wanted to bring in the new top contestant Charles Van Doren. Doren was considered to be more handsome and young. He was also a bit famous because he was the son of a famous politic family known in the academic circles. In this light, how would bring more vigor and drama to the show, hence maintaining is popularity. Many people in the studio thought that he was not going to accept but when the time came, he â€Å"took the dive†. Although he was against the decision, he never wanted to go against the studio, he did it in good will. Kantian Ethical principles state that the only thing that is intrinsically good is â€Å"good will†. This principle owes its existence to the Enlightenment rationalism from where it was coined. It is there possible to judge the actions of both Herb Stempel and Charles Van Doren based on the above theory. One thing that is clear is that Stempel was not willing to lie on a question that he very well knew the correct answer. However, since he was a sacrificial lamb he had no option but to play along and cheat in order to put Doren in the top position. He did in good will so as to ensure the success of the studio and the famous program. However, it was not right of Doren to take his brothers position as the top contestant, knowing that he rightfully earned it. Despite this, he had to accept the chance since he was going to be on top of the game and all the focus was to

The thirty year war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The thirty year war - Essay Example Protestant leaders in Bohemian crown soon formed alliances with the neighboring states which were also facing religious conflicts such as France and Sweden. Being in the center of Europe Bohemian crown had the advantage of using its many economic, political and religious linkages to gather an army. During late 15th to early 16th century Catholicism and Lutheranism prevailed in central Europe while Calvinism was also spreading across Germany but Augsburg refused to accept it as a religion. Moreover, Bohemians were mainly Protestants while their new rulers i.e. Habsburgs, were Catholics. Protestants were often repressed by the Roman Catholic kings. Letter of Majesty by the king Rudolf in 1608 provided a vast freedom for the Protestant practitioners and authority to the Church to control activities of Calvinism. Habsburg is a Catholic family of Swiss origin. Its domination in Europe began in 1273 and was characterized by military conquests as well as strategically formed marital alliances which gained political advantages to the family example, the double marriage agreement which enabled Habsburgs to rule Austria, Bohemia and Hungary in unite. The Czech lands fell into the ruling of Habsburgs in 1526 as the Bohemian Diet elected Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, as the king. In 1546 German Protestants assisted by Bohemian noble men started riots against Ferdinand’s brother Charles V. Ferdinand responded by killing Protestants leaders, exerting royal control over Bohemia, removing privileges from the noble, taxing and punishing the people. In 1575 Habsburg ruler, Maximilian II refused authorizing Bohemian Confession which would have formed alliance between Protestants, Utraquists and Bohemian Brethren while preventing the war from taking place. Letter of Majesty was openly violated by the proceeding Habsburg rulers especially king Ferdinand II. On May 23rd 1618 infamous

Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling

Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling The membrane fouling problem is still the main obstacle that faces the application of membrane technology at the industrial and environmental application. So, the main motivation for this work is to develop an enhanced performance of commercial desalination membranes with polyamide barrier layer. In this study, we will use Layer-by-Layer (LbL) modification with tailored macromolecular surface modifiers in order to coat the membranes so that stable zwitterionic surface properties (for reduced fouling) and minimal loss in permeability are achieved. In order to study in detail this novel modification, we will use a model oligoamide system on surfaces which allow using analytical methods which cannot be used on real membranes. The deposition conditions for model surface preparation, the composition of tailored zwitterionic/cationic copolymers used for LbL modification as well as the LbL modification conditions will be optimized. The characterization tools are x-ray photoelectron spectros copy (XPS; also known as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, ESCA) for determination the elemental composition of the deposited layer while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to show the topography of the formed layers. Ellipsometry can be a useful tool in identification the thickness of the deposited layers at nano-scale. In addition, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) will be used for testing the protein resistance of the deposited layers. Other physical and chemical properties will be detected such as the wettability of the layers using contact angle measurement, and the kind of surface charge and their quantity via zetapotential measurements. After model investigation steps, the same LbL sequence (with the optimum conditions) will be applied for a selected range of commercial nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes with polyamide barrier layers. The permeability and salt rejection will be measured using dead-end and cross flow mode. The formation potential of biofilm will be also detected. Keywords: Desalination, Fouling, LbL, Protein resistance and Oligoamide. A major problem in the membrane technology for purification applications is membrane fouling, which is the accumulation and adherence of colloidal organic matter [1,2] inorganic salts (scaling), or bacteria that form biofilms (biofouling) [3]. Engineering strategies for mitigating fouling depend on the accurate characterization of the fouling mechanism on reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes using flux decline measurements [4] or studies of the physicochemical properties of the membranes, such as hydrophobicity, charge density, surface roughness, and porosity [5]. An extensive research has been devoted to understand the molecular mechanisms of fouling using a variety of techniques. For example, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to relate the surface chemical character to protein adsorptions or organic fouling intermolecular forces [6] , adsorption of proteins and detergents to surfaces, measured by SPR, was correlated with surface wettability [7], quartz crystal microbalances were used to study organic fouling mechanisms [8] and novel fluorimetric assays were used to characterize protein adsorption [9]. Recently, the effects of surface-exposed chemical groups on scaling were assessed by surface pressure–area (Langmuir) isotherm measurements [10] where aromatic polyamide films are an integral component of RONF membranes and they cannot be isolated from their supports for physicochemical studies. In addition, the supporting porous polymer layer prevents incorporation of polyamide into analytical devices and interferes with measurements. But this problem can be simplified by modeling RONF membranes using surfaces with well-defined and homogeneous chemistry. There is a history for using model compounds of polyamide from twenty century that model polyamide. One of these studies is using a benzanilide derivatives, to test the resistivity toward active chlorine [11]. But, there was unsuitability for the surface adsorption studies for these small compounds. In addition to the above mentioned fact, trials were done to prepare analytical sensors using spin-coating techniques that obtained different surface chemistry from that obtained from polyamide RO membranes [12]. So applying the LbL method, which typically involves the alternating adsorption of polycations and polyanions, with water rinsing between each adsorption, will help in adsorption of polymer layer on any substrate (silicon or gold wafers for example) [13]. In recent study done by Wang et al [14], they prepared low-pressure water softening hollow fiber membranes by polyelectrolyte deposition with two bilayers. Where they used PES UF as supporting layer which modified with the polycation and polyanion LbL deposition to separate the divalent ions from monovalent ions. Another work carried out by Zhao et al [15] in which zwitterionic hydrogel thin films anchored as antifouling surface layers of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes via reactive copolymer additive. The main advantage of these hydrogels are their excellent durability in long term tests and hemocompatability. In another work, the Polyelectrolyte multilayers as anti-adhesive membrane coatings for virus concentration and recovery. In our suggested modelling work to develop an oligoamide coating system as a surface mimetic for the polyamide barrier of the commercial desalination membranes, there is a need to neglect the effect of supporting layer so we choosed silicon and gold wafers which does not exhibit any selectivity by itself, the separation function for the composite membrane can be exclusively ascribed to the deposited polyelectrolyte multilayer [17] which will give the accurate modeling data for the surface that will be used in our work . And , learning from previous works, we decided to make model studies to identify the best system with respect to well-defined and stable building units of synthesized nanolayers. These nanolayers will be optimized in terms of the number and thickness of building units, the concentration of the used zwitter ionic copolymers, charge polarity and density, roughness and swelling can be determined via various techniques while these parameters can be easily controlled by varying polyelectrolyte types or/and other deposition conditions [18]. Finally,The fouling resistivity of the model system will be followed via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements using bovine serum albumin as model foulants. Additional foulants may be also used. 2. Experimental Part 2.1. Materials and Chemicals Commercial reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. Polystyrene sulfonic acid. bovine serum albumin (BSA), sodium chloride (NaCl), humic acid (HA). Silicon / Gold wafers/quartz. m-phenylene diamine(mPD), dimethyl formamide (DMF), triethyl amine (ET3N), trimesoyl chloride (TMC), dichloromethane (DCM), Cysteamine and Ethanol. Cuprous chloride (CuCl2), Tetrahydro furan(THF), Methanol (MeOH), 10 nm titanium nanoparticles and 30 nm gold nanoparticles. Some chemicals will be added according to the applied procedures and optimization processes. 2.2. Synthesis of the Support Substrate and the Zwitterionic Polymer 2.2.1. Synthesis of the Zwitterionic/Cationicpoly (2-(N,N,N-trimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-co-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino-N-propanesulfonate)ethylmethacrylate) PTMAEMA-co-PSPE (cationic building block for LbL modification) The LbL method, which typically involves the alternating adsorption of poly-cations and poly-anions, with water rinsing between each adsorption. So, here in this work we will synthesize the zwitterionic polymer starting with free radical polymerization step of (N,N-dimethylamino-N-propanesulfonate) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The obtained polymer then undergoes partial conversion to zwitterionic side groups in presence of THF. And at last step, methylation of quaternization side groups to get the desired zwitterionic polymer. 2.2.2. In-situ Synthesis of Oligoamide According to Kasher 2011 [19] (model studies) Oligoamide is synthesized according to Kasher et al. 2011 applying LbL methodology. In this work we will make preparation of the gold surfaces with an oligoamide layer that resembles the surface chemistry of RO/NF aromatic polyamide films and that can be tested in fouling and adsorption studies using a wide range of physical methods. The synthesis protocol can be ascribed as follow (steps starting from 1 to 4 represents one cycle that can be repeted): Surface cleaned gold coated silicon wafers will immersed in 1 mM cysteamine/ethanol for 24 hours then in 2) 1% triethylamine/dimethylformamide (ET3/DMF). Immersion in trimesoyl chloride/dichloromethane (TMC/DCM), ET3N for 15 minute. Then in mPD/DMF for 15 minute and then washing with water for 10 minute. 2.2.3. Studies with the Model Surfaces 2.2.3.1. Coating and Characterization the Synthesized Oligoamide with the Synthesized Zwitterionic Polymer Applying LbL Methodology. Coating the synthesized oligoamide with the synthesized zwitterionic copolymers. The formed thin films will be characterized using ellipsometry technique. Other characterization methods will be used such as FTIR, XPS and SEM. The reaction conditions will be also tested such as (type of anionic building block, coating conditions, thickness as function of anionic building unit plus the coating condition). Depending on the obtained characterization data, the number of layers will be optimized. The optimum conditions will be applied to modify the surfaces of commercial RO/NF membranes. Ellipsometry, which is a nondestructive and sensitive optical measuring method mostly used for the analysis of thin films, where here in our work we suggest using gold wafers as supporting substrate for this methods. Via these mechanistic technique we will optimize the number of applied layers on the model oligoamide layer. And, SPR will be used to measure the fouling resistivity of the model oligoamide la yer. 2.2.3.2. Evaluation of the Synthesized Oligoamide System Two strategies will be used to evaluate the synthsized system, first one is depending on the characters that gathered from the different characterization techniques. While, The second strategy is by doing a complete assessment the antifouling properties of the synthetic moeites via: Flux measurements via dead-end mode and cross flow mode. Measuring MWCO of the synthetic moites via GPC (Gel permeation chromatography) Rejection of some organic pollutants such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) 2.3.3. Modification and Evaluation the Commercial NF/RO Membranes Based on the best characters that grasped from the above sections, the best condition will be used for modification of some commercial NF/RO membranes using the synthetic zwitterionic polymer applying LbL assembly. The modified membranes will be characterized as mentioned in the above sections. The evaluation also will be done as mentioned. This work mainly aims to fulfill the following SIX goals Synthesize model surfaces for desalination membranes (oligoamide system) on silicon or gold substrates Synthesize novel cationic and zwitterionic copolymers as building block for layer-by-layer (LbL) modification Study in detail LbL modification on model surfaces (layer thickness and stability as function of novel building blocks, respective anionic building block and coating conditions) with focus on nanoscale analysis with ellipsometry Study in detail the resulting surface and anti-fouling properties, with focus on contact angle, zetapotential and foulant deposition measured with surface plasmon resonance Transfer the best modifications to commercial membranes with polyamide barrier layer Evaluate the performance of those modified membranes vs. state-of-the-art with focus on permeability, salt rejection and long-term fouling behavior. Benefits that will be expected from this work can be summarized as follow: Increasing the fouling tolerance of the commercial membranes increasing the life time of applied membranes in addition to low maintenance periods. transfere the gained experiences to the National Research Center to help in establishing the membrane technology as a successful technology in many applicable fields.

Industrial Revolution †Positive Change Essay

The Industrial Revolution was a chain of events that transformed an agricultural society to an urbanized society. It first started in Britain, then began in Europe and North America, and then grew throughout the whole world. The Industrial Revolution was a good change that made a difference all over the world. It was a good change because of the Textile Industry, New Technology, and Big Business. The Textile Industry brought a very good change during the Industrial Revolution. This was when British merchants organized a cotton cloth industry at home instead of having it been imported from India. Many new devices were invented to produce cloth. These inventions grew faster and faster. James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764, which spun many threads at once. Then, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, which used water-power to speed up spinning even further. After these new inventions were invented, they had factories for the devices. This gave spinners, weavers, and many more people opportunities to get a job. They went to work every day to the factories that brought together workers, and machines to produce large quantities of goods. This was obviously a good change. Thus, the Textile Industry brought an amazing change for people during the Industrial Revolution. New Technology and Big Business brought excellent changes to the society during the Industrial revolution. The New Technology was when â€Å"new sources of energy, along with new materials, enable business owners to change the ways work was done† (Esler 198). Turnpikes, trains, ships, cars, and airplanes were invented. These are many means of transportation. It made shipping of goods and belonging much easier. If they bought their own cars, they can travel to near places whenever they want. Also, they could even travel to other countries for many important reasons. Big businesses brought profit to the businesses. It helped create a belief in America that anyone who worked hard is the key to success. This way, many people started becoming very successful financially. Therefore, New Technology and Big Business were a big and important part of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a positive difference throughout the world because of the Textile Industry, New Technology, and Big Business. The Textile Industry helped produce cloth faster and easier. The New Technology brought many new transportation forms. The Big Business made businesses into massive corporations. These were excellent changes in the society. It made the world more urbanized and much easier to live in. If not for these new inventions made during the Industrial Revolution, the world would be much more different.

A Study Of Modern Characterization Through The Works Of...

Michaela Leung Ms. Jiroch English 9, Period 6 March 9, 2015 It’s All in the Head: A study of modern characterization through the works of Salinger and Woolf During the twentieth century, many writers emerged including, J.D. Salinger and Virginia Woolf. Virginia Woolf helped show that the novel didn’t have to just be about the big and the grand, but also the everyday. Salinger and Woolf’s books often included intimate details from their lives. They broadened the field of what was considered acceptable for writing. For example, in â€Å"The New Dress†, a short story by Virginia Woolf, Mabel struggles with depression and bipolar disorder. Woolf also struggled with depression and bipolar disorder throughout her life. In addition, Salinger used†¦show more content†¦In the works of Salinger and Woolf, the reader first notices that stream of consciousness does not allow for the characters to keep secrets and reveals their hypocrisy as they behave differently than their thoughts. Holden’s hidden sides are revealed in when he talks about those who he cares about such as when he talks about his dead brother: â€Å"My brother Allie has this left handed fielder’s mitt† (Salinger 38). Holden says â€Å"I’m the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life† but shows that he actually cares about people in his life such as Jane Gallagher and his siblings Allie and Phoebe (Salinger 16). In Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf, Peter Walsh, a former lover of Mrs Dalloway, visits her and tries to seem detached but we see from inside his mind his true thoughts: â€Å"But it was Clarissa one remembered...Not that she was striking; not beautiful at all; there was nothing picturesque about her; she never said anything especially clever; there she was, however; there she was. No, no, no! He was not in love with her any more!† (Dalloway 76). Peter has been unable to move on from Clarissa and he tries to convince himself and others that he loves another woman, but he cannot lie to himself and therefore we, the readers, see the truth. Stream of consciousness is also used for characterization of individuals because the characters are transparent. An example

Level 3 Unit 14 Essay - 3081 Words

Unit 14 Assignment E1). The Social Model of disability came about through the disability movement and other organisation campaigning for equal rights, opportunities and choices for disabled people. The social model of disability recognises that any problem of disability are created by society and its institution and that The Discrimination Acts are tools to help to improve the response of society to disability, also a wheel chair user is not hampered by their disability but by lack of adequate access to buildings. The social model may impact upon our practise as we would provide inclusive environments as a starting point for all children. The Scope website stated ‘The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way†¦show more content†¦By the children going to respite care the children go there so the parents no their child is safe as it can be hard and distressing leaving their child somewhere else. Adults working with SEN children spend the majority of their time supporting that child however sometimes it’s the practitioners that needs the support. The role of the practitioners can be hard work and isn’t taken lightly, the practitioner needs support from other people around them to help promote their confidence and provide the correct provision for the children. A helpful support to practitioners could be the charity Mencap. Mencap work in partnership with people with a learning disability and all our services support people to live life as they choose. E5). One common condition is Dyslexia. It may be possible to detect symptoms of dyslexia before a child starts school. Possible symptoms include: * delayed speech development in comparison with other children of the same age * speech problems, such as not being able to pronounce long words properly and jumbling up phrases – for example, saying helicopter instead of helicopter, or beddy tear instead of teddy bear * problems expressing themselves using spoken language, such as being unable to remember the right word to use, or putting together sentences together incorrectly * little understanding or appreciation of rhyming words, such as the cat sat onShow MoreRelatedhealth and social care level 3 unit 14 m31475 Words   |  6 Pagesand preventing it from clotting. However there are also side effects after taking the medication like dizziness, diarrioah, nose bleeds and abdominal pain. Statins are also another type of medication prescribed if you have a high blood cholesterol level, this lowers cholesterol. 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